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Monopile damage assessment from impact with a sub-sea boulder, using an LS-DYNA methodology

During the installation of monopiles (MP) for the offshore wind turbine industry, there is a site-specific risk of impact with submerged sub-sea boulders, depending on the nature of the site geology. Factors such as boulder size, boulder depth, soil properties, and impact angle, will influence the level of damage experienced by the MP due to the boulder impact.